Yes, the Early Church Taught Penal Substitutionary Atonement

It is often argued that the early church did not teach penal substitutionary atonement, but rather taught Christus Victor. Dean Taylor argues that penal substitutionary atonement thinking was present in the texts of early Christian writers such as Origen, Eusebius, and Chrysostom alongside Christus Victor teachings. Dean believes that Anabaptists have misunderstood the early church position on the atonement. He makes a case that the early church taught penal substitutionary atonement. Dean wrote a related essay which you can read here.

Christus Victor by Gustaf Aulén

The Nonviolent Atonement by J. Denny Weaver

Origen: Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, Books 1-5

Commentary on Isaiah by Eusebius of Caesarea